Page 1
Go to: P2
P3
|
An inductor can be a single turn of wire: |
|
|
|
or many turns:
|
|
|
It can be wound on a plastic former (plastic spool)
. . . on a metal core, or an air core:
An inductor can be almost any size or shape and is
the most complex component in electronics.
It is so complex, the theory could fill a book. And the theory is very
complex. That's why we will only
cover the basics. We will not go into magnetic fields or North or South
poles or Left or Right-hand rules as these do not involve us when we
talk about a coil of wire in an electrical or electronic circuit. The most important thing is the
MAGIC of an inductor. It produces a large voltage of opposite polarity when
operating under certain circumstances.
The there are 3 main symbols for an inductor:
Inductance is measured in Henries.
One Henry is a large unit.
A inductor of 1 Henry would be about 1cm x 1cm x 1cm (1/2in x 1/2in x 1/2in) and
have a few turns of thick wire. Or it can have many
turns of wire and be slightly larger. Or it can be very large with an air
core.
An inductance of one Henry (or any value of inductance) does not tell you
anything about the size of the device, its current capability (the amount of
current that can flow through the winding without the device overheating) or
any of the other features we need to know before putting an inductor into a
circuit. That's why you need to know the PRACTICAL side of selecting an
inductor.
In electronics, we normally use smaller units: mH µH and nH
(m = milli µ = micro n = nano)
1,000mH = 1H
1,000,000µH = 1H
1,000,000,000nH = 1H
thus:
1,000µH = 1mH
1,000nH = 1µH |
Here are some inductors and their value:
The value of an inductor cannot be determined by the way it looks. The
value depends on a number of things including the core material, number of
turns, wire-size etc and the type of magnetic path. The best type of
magnetic path is a closed loop such as the toroid (doughnut) shown in
the photos at the top of the article or other type of closed magnetic path
such as a pot-core. If the magnetic path contains an air
gap, a lot of the quality of the inductor will be lost and the value of
inductance will be reduced. For a simple inductor, a rod will be ok.
Inductors can have lead termination (called fly-leads), wire termination for through-hole
mounting or as a "chip" for surface-mounting on a PC board.
The inductors above are all identified in microHenry
(µH).
The value marked on a surface-mount "chip inductor" is always µH.
For instance:
561 = 560uH
222 = 2,200uH
103 = 10,000uH = 10mH
OTHER NAMES
An inductor can be called a "coil." There is no particular difference
between a "coil" and an "inductor" and it mainly depends
on where and how it is used. A coil generally refers to turns of wire on
a former with an air core. When the core is metal, it becomes an INDUCTOR.
In certain applications an inductor is called a CHOKE.
The term choke is used when the inductor is designed to prevent a
signal passing through the winding or when the coil is designed to reduce a
particular waveform - such as ripple. The following circuit shows the choke in
operation. The circuit is called an L-C filter. The waveform on the left of
the inductor (L) contains ripple as shown by the sinewave. The voltage
emerging from the inductor has a smaller value of ripple. This is partially
due to the filtering provided by C1 and C2 and also the effect of the choke.
The voltage entering the choke is mainly DC and this passes through the
winding without any alteration. Any ripple contained within the DC creates
an increasing magnetic flux and this cuts the turns of the winding to
produce a reverse voltage. This acts against the ripple and effectively
reduces it. The result is a lower value of ripple emerging from the
inductor.
A resistor could be used in place of the inductor. The inductor has two
advantages. It will produce a lower output ripple and a smaller voltage will
be "lost" across the inductor.
An inductor is not the preferred choice for modern designs as a voltage
regulator such as 7805, will provide the same results at a lower cost
and will take up less board space.
We have used the inductor as an example, to show one of its characteristics.
It has fallen out of favor with the introduction of the "3-terminal
regulator."
A choke can also be used to prevent an AC
signal entering the component. In other words, the signal can be passed to
another part of the circuit while the choke provides a low-resistance path
for DC.
In the following circuit, the signal emerges from the transistor and is
prevented from flowing to earth by the "choke." The inductor provides a low
resistance path for the biasing of the transistor while preventing the
signal flowing to the 0v rail.
If the choke is replaced by a resistor, some of the signal will be lost in
the resistor and the voltage dropped across the resistor will be higher than
a choke.
If a winding on a coil or
"former" is designed to pull a metal rod into the centre of the coil
when a current flows, it is called a SOLENOID.
If the coil is wound on a metal core and attracts metal objects (such as the
contacts of a relay, picking up scrap metal in a junk-yard, or to make a bell ring), it is
called an ELECTROMAGNET.
The following diagram shows the operation of the electromagnet in a bell:
|
HOW A BELL WORKS
When the contacts are closed, current flows through the two windings
(this is called a horseshoe electromagnet) and creates magnetic flux that pulls the arm
(called the clapper) towards the
electromagnet. This makes the hammer hit the bell and at the same time
the contacts are opened. This causes the current to stop flowing and the
magnetic flux ceases (collapses). The arm is returned (via a small piece of
springy wire at the pivot-point) to a position where the
contacts are closed and the current flows again to repeat the
action. |
There is one important thing you need to know when you see an inductor in a
circuit - even a one-turn inductor!
When it is operating (when an increasing voltage is applied), it produces a voltage in the opposite direction to
the applied voltage (actually due to the increasing current) and the size of this voltage makes the inductor do
amazing things.
This voltage is called a back-voltage or back-EMF. Its size depends on how the inductor is
manufactured and its value in Henries (or millihenries, microhenries or
nanohenries) and how it is activated in the circuit.
When an inductor is used in electronic circuit, the ratio of the
back-voltage to the applied voltage is called the "Q-factor."
This voltage can also be detected as the "spark" between the contacts of the
bell above and it can be felt as a "kick-back" between your fingers when you
remove an inductor from the supply voltage.
This voltage can be used to produce a very high voltage and is sometimes
called a "fly-back" voltage.
This voltage is not wanted in some circuits and must be suppressed. The
voltage produced by the coil of a relay (when it is de-energised) can damage
the driving transistor and must be "snubbed" (removed) by placing a
reverse-biased diode across the coil as shown in the diagram below:
So, there we have it.
In many instances an inductor will produce a high "reverse-voltage" when
it is de-activated. The size of this voltage depends on the way the
inductor is manufactured and many other things.
You cannot work out the size of the voltage from any formulae, so
experimentation is the only way.
At last we can put aside mathematics and get out the soldering iron.
There are basically two ways to use an inductor.
1. Pass a magnet over one end and detect (read) the voltage. A
voltage is only produced when the magnet is moving. This is the basis of a
GENERATOR.
2. Apply a voltage to the coil. This voltage can be a
steady voltage (called DC) or a varying voltage (called AC). Different
results will be produced in each case. This is the basis of a MOTOR.
If the voltage is steady (DC) the coil will produce STEADY magnetic flux and
create an ELECTROMAGNET. We draw this flux as concentric lines around each
conductor. They pass through the centre of the coil an emerge at one end.
The emerging lines are said to create the NORTH pole of the electromagnet.
The "magnetism" (the magnetic lines) are strongest in the centre of each
turn of the coil and if the coil has air in the centre, only a small number
of lines can be present before the air is SATURATED. If a metal such as iron
(called soft iron) or ferrite (they are basically the same thing - with
ferrite suitable for high frequency inductors) is placed in the centre, the
magnetic lines lines can become more concentrated (1,000 - 2,500 times or more)
before the core is saturated.
If the driving voltage is AC (such as a sinewave) an electromagnet will
be produced but the magnetism of the electromagnet will increase and
decrease as the voltage varies.
Hundreds of different
results can be produced from the examples above, by creating inductors with a
different number of turns, different shape, different core material,
different speed of movement of the magnet and different frequencies for the
AC voltage.
Watch the needle on the meter when the loop changes
from a "forward" direction to a "reverse" direction. This
is when the flux changes direction.
When the two coils are stationary, the
"centre-reading"
meter indicates "zero." This is because the magnetic
flux in not increasing or decreasing.
Continued Page 2
|