Here are some 
		faults with batteries and cells that you may not be aware of. 
		Dry cells are called Leclanché cells after the name of the original 
		inventor in1866. 
		Originally they consisted of a carbon rod and zinc rod or sheet in a 
		solution of ammonium chloride in a glass jar, but if the jar was tipped 
		over, the contents would spill. 
		To prevent spillage the cell was constructed with a zinc case and a 
		carbon rod down the centre with black pitch or tar to cover the cell.
		
		Because the cell did not spill, everyone thought it was "dry."  So 
		the name stuck. 
		The cell also had  Manganese Dioxide depolariser and a number of 
		other additives to prevent the zinc case being attacked when the cell 
		was sitting around.. 
		But basically all dry cells are constructed the same way. 
		By adding carbon to the depolariser, the cell will deliver a higher 
		current but nothing can increase the capacity (amp-Hr of the cell). 
		These are called zinc-carbon cells, dry cells, or manganese cells. 
		
		The only reason why some cells are poor performers is due to the thin 
		zinc case, filler instead of manganese dioxide, little or no additives, 
		such as carbon, or a thin mix of ammonium chloride. 
		Heavy Duty cells use Zinc Chloride instead of Ammonium Chloride as the 
		electrolyte but the overall capacity is the same. The Zinc Chloride 
		improves the current capability and the terminal voltage is slightly 
		better over the life of the cell.
		
		The next improvement was a cell called Alkaline. These cells have a 
		capacity of about 2-4 times that of a "dry cell" and will deliver a higher 
		current - about 2x-3x higher. 
		There are lots of other types of cells on the market such as button cells, 
		air depolarized cells but the first two we mentioned, are the most popular. 
		However they can have some very unusual faults and this is the issue we 
		are describing. 
		
		Most "dry cells" are enclosed in a steel jacket because the zinc case 
		gets eaten away when the battery delivers a current and eventually a 
		hole is produced. Secondly, the cell produces water as a by-product of 
		producing electricity and the insides can become quite "wet." This is 
		the fluid that leaks out.
		
		1. Some "dry cells" have a very poor jacket of cardboard and they leak 
		ammonium chloride liquid. This liquid is conductive and will attack 
		copper. Avoid these cells. 
		2. The terminal voltage drops very quickly with some dry cells to 1.1v, 
		even though they still deliver a high current. The cause is 
		unknown. Avoid these cells.  Other cells will maintain 1.55v, right 
		up to the end of their life. These cells are fantastic. 
		3. Some Alkaline cells go "open circuit" for no reason or produce 0v 
		output for no reason.
		This also includes the 9v alkaline batteries.  Alkaline cells can be very unreliable for this 
		reason, so don't use them for emergency applications.  
  
		
If you have any other interesting faults, let me know.
		
		Colin Mitchell
		talking@tpg.com.au